Dry matter 90.8 100 % - 2.3 86.2 -95.7 20 3.6 Crude protein 4.7 5.2 % - 2.1 3 -12 20 2.3 2.3 -13.9 41 Crude fibre 47.8 52.6 % - 9.9 25.9 -69.6 14 10.9 29.2 -72.7 26 Crude fat 2.8 3.1 % - 2 0.8 -7.6 15 2.2 0.6 -8.8 21 Ash 2.8 3.1 % - 1 2.4 -8 13 1.1 2.2 -8.9 34 Insoluble ash 0.2 0.2 % - 0.1 0.07 -0.4 4 0.1 0.07 -0.4 6 NDF 77 84.8 % - 5 69 -84.2 11 5.1 71.6 -91.6 19 ADF 59.4 65.3 % - 6.6 53.9 -68.4 11 7.1 46.4 -73.8 22 Lignin 16.4 18.1 % - 3 10.1 -40 9 3.3 11.5 -23.2 15 Water insoluble cell walls 85 93.5 % - Starch 3.8 4.2 % - 1 1 Total sugars 0 0 % - Gross energy (kcal) 4290 4730 kcal/kg - Calcium 1.3 1.4 g/kg - 0.7 0.9 -1.5 8 0.8 0.8 -4 23 Phosphorus 1.2 1.3 g/kg - 1.1 0.4 -1.6 9 1.2 0.5 -5.5 24 Magnesium 1.1 1.3 g/kg - 0.5 0.6 -2 17 Potassium 6.5 7.1 g/kg - 3 4.5 -12.4 15 Sodium 0.18 0.2 g/kg - 0.01 0 0.19 -0.2 10 Chlorine 0.3 0.3 g/kg - 0.05 0.05 0.3 -0.4 10 Sulfur 1.5 1.7 g/kg - 0.7 -2.3 2 0.8 -2.6 3 Dietary cation-anion difference 69 76 mEq/kg - Electrolyte balance 164 181 mEq/kg - Manganese 20 22 mg/kg - 4 4 19 -33 10 Zinc 3 4 mg/kg - 5 5 2 -20 11 Copper 62 69 mg/kg - 20 22 7 -95 11 Iron 156 172 mg/kg - 42 46 139 -308 11 Lysine 2.2 2.4 g/kg 4.7 g/16g N 1 1 1 Threonine 1.8 1.9 g/kg 3.8 g/16g N 1 1 1 Isoleucine 1.6 1.7 g/kg 3.4 g/16g N 1 1 1 Valine 1.9 2.1 g/kg 4 g/16g N 1 1 1 Leucine 2.8 3.1 g/kg 6 g/16g N 1 1 1 Phenylalanine 2.5 2.8 g/kg 5.3 g/16g N 1 1 1 Tyrosine 1.5 1.6 g/kg 3.2 g/16g N 1 1 1 Phenylalanine + tyrosine 4 4.4 g/kg 8.5 g/16g N 1 1 1 Histidine 1.8 1.9 g/kg 3.7 g/16g N 1 1 1 Arginine 5.2 5.7 g/kg 11 g/16g N 1 1 1 Alanine 1.8 2 g/kg 3.9 g/16g N 1 1 1 Aspartic acid 4.6 5 g/kg 9.7 g/16g N 1 1 1 Glutamic acid 8.8 9.6 g/kg 18.7 g/16g N 1 1 1 Glycine 2.1 2.3 g/kg 4.4 g/16g N 1 1 1 Serine 2.2 2.4 g/kg 4.7 g/16g N 1 1 1 Proline 2.1 2.3 g/kg 4.5 g/16g N 1 1 1 C12:0 lauric acid 0.02 0.03 g/kg 0.1 % FA C14:0 myristic acid 0.2 0.2 g/kg 0.8 % FA 0.3 0.5-1.2 9 C16:0 palmitic acid 5.6 6.2 g/kg 22.7 % FA 0.8 21.7-24.2 14 C16:1 palmitoleic acid 0.1 0.1 g/kg 0.5 % FA 0.3 0.3-1 9 C18:0 stearic acid 0.5 0.5 g/kg 1.9 % FA 0.4 1.5-3 14 C18:1 oleic acid 4.1 4.5 g/kg 16.7 % FA 1.5 14.7-20.8 14 C18:2 linoleic acid 14.1 15.6 g/kg 57.3 % FA 3.6 46.1-60 14 C18:3 linolenic acid 0.2 0.2 g/kg 0.7 % FA 1.4 0.05-4.4 9 Fatty acids 2.5 2.7 % 88 % fat 2 86-90 10 DE growing pig (kcal) 1070 1180 kcal/kg - ME growing pig (kcal) 990 1090 kcal/kg - NE growing pig (kcal) 460 500 kcal/kg - DE adult pig (kcal) 1580 1740 kcal/kg - ME adult pig (kcal) 1420 1560 kcal/kg - NE adult pig (kcal) 700 770 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility growing pig - 25 % OM digestibility growing pig - 30.9 % N digestibility growing pig - 13.3 % Crude fat digestibility pig - 4.5 % Energy digestibility adult pig - 36.9 % OM digestibility adult pig - 42.4 % N digestibility adult pig - 78.1 % AMEn cockerel (kcal) 590 650 kcal/kg - PDIA INRA 2007 24 26 g/kg - PDIN INRA 2007 26 29 g/kg - PDIE INRA 2007 52 57 g/kg - ME ruminants INRA 2007 (kcal) 1370 1510 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility ruminants INRA 2007 - 40 % 1 OM digestibility ruminants INRA 2007 - 41.8 % 36.9-50.9 3 N digestibility ruminants - 14 % -30.9-36.4 4 N digestibility, intestinal, ruminants - 55 % Fatty acids digestibility ruminants - 71.5 % N degradability ruminants (k=0.06) - 16 % 13-20 2 Immediately degradable N (a) - 3 % 3-3 2 Potentially degradable N (b) - 41 % 37-44 2 Degradation rate of particles N (c) - 0.03 h-1 0.021-0.038 2 Starch degradability, ruminants (k=0.06) - 80 % DM degradability ruminants (k=0.06) - 21 % 11-37 4 Immediately degradable DM (a) - 5 % 3-25 4 Potentially degradable DM (b) - 86 % 51-95 4 Degradation rate of particles DM (c) - 0.014 h-1 0.005-0.014 4 OM digestibility horse - 43.6 % Energy digestibility horse - 42.5 % Horse Forage Unit 0.31 0.34 per kg - Digestible crude protein horse 0 0 g/kg - DE rabbit (kcal) 810 900 kcal/kg - ME rabbit (kcal) 780 860 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility rabbit - 19 % N digestibility rabbit - 56.8 % Gross energy (MJ) 18 19.8 MJ/kg - Absorbable Ca ruminants 0.7 0.8 g/kg 55 % Ca NDF digestibility ruminants - 64 % UFL FL1 INRA 2018 0.47 0.52 per kg - UFV FL1 INRA 2018 0.36 0.4 per kg - PDIA FL1 INRA 2018 19 21 g/kg - PDI FL1 INRA 2018 57 63 g/kg - Rumen protein balance FL1 INRA 2018 -60 -66 g/kg - UFL INRA 2018 0.45 0.49 per kg - UFV INRA 2018 0.34 0.37 per kg - PDIA INRA 2018 20 22 g/kg - PDI INRA 2018 57 63 g/kg - Rumen protein balance INRA 2018 -60 -66 g/kg - NE lactation ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 790 870 kcal/kg - NE meat production ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 590 650 kcal/kg - ME ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 1380 1520 kcal/kg - OM digestibility ruminants INRA 2018 - 40.4 % Energy digestibility ruminants INRA 2018 - 38.6 % N degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 22 % Starch degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 82 % ME ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 6.7 7.4 MJ/kg - NE lactation ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 3.9 4.3 MJ/kg - NE meat production ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 3.1 3.4 MJ/kg - DM degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 23 % UFL FL4 INRA 2018 0.4 0.45 per kg - UFV FL4 INRA 2018 0.29 0.32 per kg - PDIA FL4 INRA 2018 22 25 g/kg - PDI FL4 INRA 2018 59 65 g/kg - Rumen protein balance FL4 INRA 2018 -63 -70 g/kg - Fill Unit ruminants INRA 2018 0.582 0.64 per kg - Phytate phosphorus 0.8 0.9 g/kg 70 % P 1 Methionine 0.8 0.9 g/kg 1.8 g/16g N Cystine 0.7 0.7 g/kg 1.4 g/16g N Methionine + cystine 1.5 1.6 g/kg 3.2 g/16g N Tryptophan 0.6 0.7 g/kg 1.3 g/16g N C6 + C8 + C10 fatty acids 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C18:4 stearidonic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C20:0 arachidic acid 0.07 0.08 g/kg 0.3 % FA C20:1 eicosenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C20:4 arachidonic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C20:5 eicosapentaenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C22:0 behenic acid 0.05 0.05 g/kg 0.2 % FA C22:1 erucic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C22:5 docosapentaenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C22:6 docosahexaenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C24:0 lignoceric acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA Digestible P pig (no phytase) 0.4 0.4 g/kg 30 % Digestible P pig (with phytase) 0.5 0.6 g/kg 45 % AMEn broiler (kcal) 560 620 kcal/kg - Available P cockerel 0.3 0.3 g/kg 25 % P Available P broiler 0.3 0.3 g/kg 25 % P UFL INRA 2007 0.44 0.48 per kg - UFV INRA 2007 0.33 0.36 per kg - Absorbable P ruminants 0.8 0.9 g/kg 65 % P Lysine ruminants INRA 2007 - 6.8 % PDIE Threonine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5 % PDIE Methionine ruminants INRA 2007 - 1.9 % PDIE Isoleucine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5 % PDIE Valine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.4 % PDIE Leucine ruminants INRA 2007 - 7.8 % PDIE Phenylalanine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.3 % PDIE Histidine ruminants INRA 2007 - 2.5 % PDIE Arginine ruminants INRA 2007 - 6 % PDIE DE salmonids (kcal) 2090 2310 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility, salmonids - 48.8 % N digestibility salmonids - 70.1 % Lysine, ileal standardised, pig 0.9 1 g/kg 40 % Threonine, ileal standardised, pig 0.8 0.9 g/kg 45 % Methionine, ileal standardised, pig 0.5 0.6 g/kg 65 % Cystine, ileal standardised, pig 0.2 0.3 g/kg 36 % Methionine + cystine, ileal standardised, pig 0.8 0.9 g/kg 52 % Tryptophan, ileal standardised, pig 0.3 0.3 g/kg 47 % Isoleucine, ileal standardised, pig 0.9 1 g/kg 59 % Valine, ileal standardised, pig 1 1.1 g/kg 54 % Leucine, ileal standardised, pig 1.7 1.9 g/kg 60 % Phenylalanine, ileal standardised, pig 1.6 1.8 g/kg 65 % Tyrosine, ileal standardised, pig 0.9 1 g/kg 59 % Phenylananine + tyrosine, ileal standardised, pig 2.5 2.8 g/kg 63 % Histidine, ileal standardised, pig 1 1.1 g/kg 56 % Arginine, ileal standardised, pig 3.8 4.1 g/kg 73 % Alanine, ileal standardised, pig 0.9 1 g/kg 49 % Aspartic acid, ileal standardised, pig 2.6 2.8 g/kg 56 % Glutamic acid, ileal standardised, pig 6 6.6 g/kg 68 % Glycine, ileal standardised, pig 0.7 0.7 g/kg 32 % Serine, ileal standardised, pig 1.1 1.2 g/kg 52 % Proline, ileal standardised, pig 1.1 1.2 g/kg 52 % Lysine, ileal standardized, poultry 1.2 1.4 g/kg 56 % Threonine, ileal standardized, poultry 0.9 1 g/kg 52 % Methionine, ileal standardized, poultry 0.6 0.6 g/kg 67 % Cystine, ileal standardized, poultry 0.4 0.4 g/kg 56 % Methionine + cystine, ileal standardized, poultry 0.9 1 g/kg 62 % Tryptophan, ileal standardized, poultry 0.4 0.4 g/kg 58 % Isoleucine, ileal standardized, poultry 1 1.1 g/kg 63 % Valine, ileal standardized, poultry 1.1 1.2 g/kg 59 % Leucine, ileal standardized, poultry 1.7 1.8 g/kg 60 % Phenylalanine, ileal standardized, poultry 1.6 1.7 g/kg 63 % Tyrosine, ileal standardized, poultry 0.8 0.9 g/kg 53 % Phenylalanine + tyrosine, ileal standardized, poultry 2.4 2.6 g/kg 59 % Histidine, ileal standardized, poultry 1 1.1 g/kg 58 % Arginine, ileal standardized, poultry 3.3 3.6 g/kg 63 % Alanine, ileal standardized, poultry 1.1 1.2 g/kg 59 % Aspartic acid, ileal standardized, poultry 2.6 2.9 g/kg 57 % Glutamic acid, ileal standardized, poultry 5.6 6.1 g/kg 63 % Glycine, ileal standardized, poultry 1.1 1.2 g/kg 52 % Serine, ileal standardized, poultry 1.3 1.4 g/kg 59 % Proline, ileal standardized, poultry 1.3 1.4 g/kg 61 % DE growing pig (MJ) 4.5 4.9 MJ/kg - ME growing pig (MJ) 4.1 4.6 MJ/kg - NE growing pig (MJ) 1.9 2.1 MJ/kg - DE adult pig (MJ) 6.6 7.3 MJ/kg - ME adult pig (MJ) 5.9 6.5 MJ/kg - NE adult pig (MJ) 2.9 3.2 MJ/kg - AMEn cockerel (MJ) 2.5 2.7 MJ/kg - AMEn broiler (MJ) 2.4 2.6 MJ/kg - ME ruminants INRA 2007 (MJ) 5.7 6.3 MJ/kg - DE rabbit (MJ) 3.4 3.8 MJ/kg - ME rabbit (MJ) 3.3 3.6 MJ/kg - DE salmonids (MJ) 8.8 9.6 MJ/kg - VEM CVB 2018 438 482 per kg - VEVI CVB 2018 356 392 per kg - DVE CVB 1991 13 15 g/kg - OEB CVB 1991 -41 -45 g/kg - DVLYS CVB 1991 3.7 4.1 g/kg - DVMET CVB 1991 1.5 1.7 g/kg - TDN 1x ruminants NRC 2001 36.7 40.4 % - DE 1x ruminants NRC 2001 1.6 1.76 Mcal/kg - NE Lactation 3x ruminants NRC 2001 0.58 0.64 Mcal/kg - NE Lactation 4x ruminants NRC 2001 0.54 0.59 Mcal/kg - NE Maintenance 3x ruminants NRC 2001 0.55 0.6 Mcal/kg - NE Gain 3x ruminants NRC 2001 0.07 0.07 Mcal/kg - Rumen Undegradable Protein (diet 25% concentrate) NRC 2001 - 82 % Rumen Undegradable Protein (diet 50% concentrate) NRC 2001 - 85 % EN Lactation ruminants GfE 3.1 3.4 MJ/kg - nxP ruminants GfE 76 84 g/kg - RNB ruminants GfE -5 -5 g/kg - Lysine ruminants INRA 2018 - 7 % PDI Threonine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.1 % PDI Methionine ruminants INRA 2018 - 2.1 % PDI Isoleucine ruminants INRA 2018 - 4.9 % PDI Valine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.4 % PDI Leucine ruminants INRA 2018 - 7.9 % PDI Phenylalanine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.3 % PDI Histidine ruminants INRA 2018 - 2.6 % PDI Arginine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.9 % PDI Starch, enzymatic method 0 0 % - Vitamin D 0 0 1000 IU/kg -