Dry matter 87.8 100 % - 1.7 79.5 -96.3 551 2.7 Crude protein 18.9 21.6 % - 1.4 14.7 -24.4 698 1.6 16.1 -28.2 539 Crude fibre 7.9 9 % - 0.8 5.8 -10.3 583 0.9 6.9 -11.6 410 Crude fat 2.5 2.8 % - 0.8 1 -6.5 285 0.9 1.2 -7 213 Ash 5.7 6.5 % - 0.8 2.5 -9.2 332 0.9 3.6 -10.1 235 Insoluble ash 1.1 1.2 % - 0.4 0.4 -1.5 8 0.4 0.5 -1.7 7 NDF 35 39.9 % - 4.7 24.3 -46.8 186 5.3 27.6 -51.8 213 ADF 9.3 10.6 % - 1.3 7.4 -12.7 183 1.5 8.1 -14.6 204 Lignin 1.1 1.3 % - 0.5 0.4 -3.1 298 0.6 0.4 -3.4 314 Water insoluble cell walls 34.5 39.3 % - 2.6 19 -37.4 15 2.9 34.8 -43 13 Starch 18 20.5 % - 3.5 8.4 -30 680 4 9.8 -34.5 507 Total sugars 1.7 1.9 % - 1 0.1 -6.2 183 1.2 0.1 -7.2 186 Gross energy (kcal) 3930 4470 kcal/kg - 110 3780 -4350 20 90 4320 -4730 33 Calcium 1.4 1.6 g/kg - 1 0.2 -5 867 1.1 0.2 -5.8 854 Phosphorus 8.6 9.8 g/kg - 1.5 4.5 -14.4 960 1.8 5.1 -16.4 944 Phytate phosphorus 5.6 6.4 g/kg 65 % P 2 -6.1 2 2.3 -7.1 4 23-77 4 Magnesium 3.7 4.2 g/kg - 0.5 2.9 -5.2 31 0.6 2.8 -5.7 39 Potassium 13.5 15.3 g/kg - 2.5 8.8 -19.4 60 2.9 9.5 -22.2 64 Sodium 3.07 3.5 g/kg - 2.39 0.07 -9.22 171 2.73 0.08 -10.49 176 Chlorine 2.1 2.4 g/kg - 0.8 1.4 -6.4 32 1 0.9 -7.2 38 Sulfur 2.8 3.1 g/kg - Dietary cation-anion difference 247 281 mEq/kg - Electrolyte balance 419 477 mEq/kg - Manganese 19 22 mg/kg - 6 13 -33 13 7 8 -35 19 Zinc 56 64 mg/kg - 19 10 -115 20 21 11 -120 26 Copper 5 6 mg/kg - 4 2 -12 26 4 2 -19 22 Iron 187 213 mg/kg - 140 87 -537 16 159 80 -593 20 Selenium 0.2 0.2 mg/kg - 0.1 0 -0.3 7 0.1 0 -0.3 6 Cobalt 0.1 0.2 mg/kg - Molybdenum 2 2 mg/kg - 0.6 0.7 -2 14 Iodine 0.1 0.1 mg/kg - 0.08 0 -0.3 6 0.09 0.1 -0.3 5 Lysine 6.1 6.9 g/kg 3.2 g/16g N 1 3.3 -9.3 102 1.1 3.5 -9.1 94 0.5 2-4 93 Threonine 6.5 7.4 g/kg 3.4 g/16g N 0.8 3.4 -9.6 80 0.8 3.7 -8.9 71 0.2 2.9-4.1 71 Methionine 3.2 3.6 g/kg 1.7 g/16g N 0.4 1.9 -4.4 85 0.5 2 -4.9 74 0.2 1.2-1.9 73 Cystine 3.5 4 g/kg 1.9 g/16g N 0.6 1.9 -5.5 80 0.7 2 -5.8 70 0.2 1.3-2.6 69 Methionine + cystine 6.7 7.6 g/kg 3.5 g/16g N 0.9 3.8 -9.4 77 1 4.1 -10.6 66 0.3 2.9-4.4 65 Tryptophan 1.3 1.5 g/kg 0.7 g/16g N 0.2 0.8 -1.8 42 0.3 0.9 -2 31 0.1 0.5-1 32 Isoleucine 6 6.8 g/kg 3.1 g/16g N 0.7 3.6 -8.2 81 0.8 3.9 -9.2 72 0.3 2.4-3.7 73 Valine 8.9 10.1 g/kg 4.7 g/16g N 1.2 4.6 -11.8 77 1.4 4.9 -13.8 67 0.4 3.8-5.2 68 Leucine 15.2 17.3 g/kg 8 g/16g N 1.9 9.9 -21.2 77 2.2 10.7 -23.6 69 0.7 6.1-9.3 69 Phenylalanine 6.9 7.8 g/kg 3.6 g/16g N 0.9 4.2 -9.6 80 1.1 4.5 -10.8 72 0.3 2.7-4.1 72 Tyrosine 4.8 5.4 g/kg 2.5 g/16g N 1 2.9 -7.3 69 1.1 3.2 -8.2 60 0.4 1.7-3.3 60 Phenylalanine + tyrosine 11.6 13.2 g/kg 6.1 g/16g N 1.7 7.2 -15.3 66 1.9 7.7 -17.9 57 0.6 4.6-7 57 Histidine 5.4 6.1 g/kg 2.8 g/16g N 0.8 2.4 -7.7 76 0.9 2.6 -7.9 68 0.3 2.3-3.6 69 Arginine 9.2 10.4 g/kg 4.8 g/16g N 1.7 4.3 -11.7 76 2 4.9 -13.1 68 0.7 2.7-5.7 69 Alanine 11.9 13.5 g/kg 6.3 g/16g N 1.6 7.3 -17 74 1.8 7.9 -18.6 66 0.5 5.1-7.5 66 Aspartic acid 10.9 12.4 g/kg 5.7 g/16g N 1.2 6.8 -13.9 77 1.4 7.3 -14.5 69 0.5 4.5-6.4 69 Glutamic acid 26.4 30.1 g/kg 13.9 g/16g N 3 15.7 -35.7 75 3.4 16.9 -40.3 67 0.8 12.4-16.2 67 Glycine 8.1 9.3 g/kg 4.3 g/16g N 1.1 4.1 -10.3 77 1.2 4.4 -12 69 0.4 3-4.8 70 Serine 7.7 8.8 g/kg 4.1 g/16g N 0.9 4.5 -10.4 77 1 4.8 -11.7 69 0.3 3.5-4.5 69 Proline 11.9 13.6 g/kg 6.3 g/16g N C14:0 myristic acid 0.03 0.03 g/kg 0.1 % FA 0.1 0.1-0.4 18 C16:0 palmitic acid 2.3 2.6 g/kg 10.5 % FA 0.8 8.6-13.6 202 C16:1 palmitoleic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA 1 C18:0 stearic acid 0.4 0.4 g/kg 1.8 % FA 0.2 1.3-2.7 201 C18:1 oleic acid 5.7 6.4 g/kg 26.1 % FA 0.9 4.7 -6.7 5 1 5.3 -7.4 5 3 20-35.4 202 C18:2 linoleic acid 12.9 14.7 g/kg 59.5 % FA 2.5 12.2 -17.7 5 2.8 13.8 -19.6 5 3.4 49.4-67.6 208 C18:3 linolenic acid 0.3 0.3 g/kg 1.3 % FA 0.3 0.3-1.9 202 Fatty acids 2.2 2.5 % 88 % fat 2 86-90 5 Vitamin A 2.6 3 1000 IU/kg - Vitamin E 10.3 11.7 mg/kg - Vitamin B1 thiamin 2 2.2 mg/kg - Vitamin B2 riboflavin 2.3 2.7 mg/kg - Vitamin B6 pyridoxine 12.7 14.4 mg/kg - Vitamin B12 0 0 µg/kg - Niacin 64.4 73.3 mg/kg - Pantothenic acid 16.6 18.9 mg/kg - Folic acid 0.3 0.3 mg/kg - Biotin 0.1 0.2 mg/kg - Choline 1481 1687 mg/kg - Xanthophylls 15 17 mg/kg - 4 5 -55 27 5 9 -28 21 Phytase activity 0 0 IU/kg - 0 -400 3 DE growing pig (kcal) 2500 2840 kcal/kg - 270 2410 -3170 7 300 2520 -3560 10 ME growing pig (kcal) 2350 2680 kcal/kg - 2240 -2720 2 2330 -3170 2 NE growing pig (kcal) 1570 1790 kcal/kg - DE adult pig (kcal) 2950 3360 kcal/kg - 3310 -4160 3 ME adult pig (kcal) 2730 3110 kcal/kg - NE adult pig (kcal) 1850 2110 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility growing pig - 63.6 % OM digestibility growing pig - 67.1 % 0.9 66-68 5 N digestibility growing pig - 58.9 % N digestibility ileal standardised pig - 69 % 3.4 63.4-74.8 13 Crude fat digestibility pig - 28.7 % 21 10-66 6 Energy digestibility adult pig - 75.1 % OM digestibility adult pig - 78 % 77.8-79.7 2 N digestibility adult pig - 73.2 % Digestible P pig (no phytase) 1.9 2.2 g/kg 22 % 20-22 2 AMEn cockerel (kcal) 1780 2030 kcal/kg - AMEn broiler (kcal) 1740 1980 kcal/kg - 1 1 PDIA INRA 2007 47 54 g/kg - PDIN INRA 2007 124 142 g/kg - 134 -154 3 PDIE INRA 2007 101 115 g/kg - ME ruminants INRA 2007 (kcal) 2570 2930 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility ruminants INRA 2007 - 81 % OM digestibility ruminants INRA 2007 - 83 % N digestibility ruminants - 74.6 % 4 67.6-80 7 N digestibility, intestinal, ruminants - 85 % 1 Fatty acids digestibility ruminants - 70.7 % Absorbable P ruminants 5.9 6.7 g/kg 68 % P N degradability ruminants (k=0.06) - 74 % 4 62-74 7 Immediately degradable N (a) - 49 % 45-54 3 Potentially degradable N (b) - 43 % 37-44 2 Degradation rate of particles N (c) - 0.08 h-1 0.03 0.026-0.108 5 Starch degradability, ruminants (k=0.06) - 85 % Immediately degradable starch (a) - 56 % 1 Potentially degradable starch (b) - 44 % 1 Degradation rate of particles starch (c) - 0.115 h-1 1 DM degradability ruminants (k=0.06) - 60 % 10 54-80 5 Immediately degradable DM (a) - 33 % Potentially degradable DM (b) - 60 % Degradation rate of particles DM (c) - 0.05 h-1 0.023 0.003-0.072 6 Lysine ruminants INRA 2007 - 6.4 % PDIE Threonine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.1 % PDIE Methionine ruminants INRA 2007 - 2 % PDIE Isoleucine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.1 % PDIE Valine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.9 % PDIE Leucine ruminants INRA 2007 - 9 % PDIE Phenylalanine ruminants INRA 2007 - 4.8 % PDIE Histidine ruminants INRA 2007 - 2.4 % PDIE Arginine ruminants INRA 2007 - 4.9 % PDIE OM digestibility horse - 70.2 % 65.8-70.9 2 Energy digestibility horse - 67.6 % Horse Forage Unit 0.74 0.84 per kg - Digestible crude protein horse 137 156 g/kg - DE rabbit (kcal) 2810 3200 kcal/kg - 1 ME rabbit (kcal) 2670 3040 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility rabbit - 71.6 % N digestibility rabbit - 58.6 % 1 DE salmonids (kcal) 1140 1300 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility, salmonids - 29 % N digestibility salmonids - 92 % Lysine, ileal standardised, pig 4 4.6 g/kg 66 % 3.7 -4.8 4 4.2 -5.5 4 5 57-74 13 Threonine, ileal standardised, pig 4.6 5.2 g/kg 70 % 4.4 -5 4 5 -5.8 4 3 67-75 13 Methionine, ileal standardised, pig 2.7 3 g/kg 84 % 3 79-88 13 Cystine, ileal standardised, pig 2.5 2.8 g/kg 69 % 2.2 -3.1 3 2.5 -3.5 3 5 61-76 12 Methionine + cystine, ileal standardised, pig 5.1 5.8 g/kg 76 % 4.8 -5.6 3 5.5 -6.4 3 3 71-81 11 Tryptophan, ileal standardised, pig 0.8 1 g/kg 66 % 0.7 -1 4 0.8 -1.1 4 8 60-88 12 Isoleucine, ileal standardised, pig 4.6 5.3 g/kg 78 % 4.2 -5.3 4 4.8 -6.1 4 4 73-85 13 Valine, ileal standardised, pig 6.6 7.6 g/kg 75 % 4 69-83 13 Leucine, ileal standardised, pig 12.8 14.5 g/kg 84 % 12.6 -15.6 4 14.1 -18 4 3 79-90 13 Phenylalanine, ileal standardised, pig 5.8 6.6 g/kg 84 % 5.4 -6.5 4 6.1 -7.4 4 4 77-91 13 Tyrosine, ileal standardised, pig 3.9 4.5 g/kg 83 % 5 70-92 13 Phenylananine + tyrosine, ileal standardised, pig 9.7 11 g/kg 83 % 11 -13 4 4 74-92 12 Histidine, ileal standardised, pig 3.8 4.3 g/kg 70 % 3.5 -4.8 4 4 -5.5 4 9 54-81 13 Arginine, ileal standardised, pig 7.8 8.9 g/kg 86 % 5.8 -8.2 4 6.7 -9.4 4 3 81-90 13 Alanine, ileal standardised, pig 9.5 10.8 g/kg 80 % 8.9 -11.8 4 10 -13.5 4 3 75-86 13 Aspartic acid, ileal standardised, pig 7.6 8.7 g/kg 70 % 7 -9.4 4 8 -10.7 4 4 65-76 13 Glutamic acid, ileal standardised, pig 20.8 23.7 g/kg 79 % 19.8 -25.2 4 22.3 -28.9 4 3 73-83 13 Glycine, ileal standardised, pig 5.3 6 g/kg 65 % 5.1 -5.7 4 5.8 -6.5 4 5 58-76 13 Serine, ileal standardised, pig 5.9 6.7 g/kg 77 % 5.6 -6.3 4 6.2 -7.3 4 2 73-81 13 Proline, ileal standardised, pig 8.9 10.1 g/kg 75 % 7 64-83 5 Lysine, ileal standardized, poultry 4.4 5 g/kg 72 % Threonine, ileal standardized, poultry 5 5.6 g/kg 76 % Methionine, ileal standardized, poultry 2.6 3 g/kg 82 % Cystine, ileal standardized, poultry 2.5 2.8 g/kg 70 % Methionine + cystine, ileal standardized, poultry 5.1 5.8 g/kg 76 % Tryptophan, ileal standardized, poultry 1.1 1.2 g/kg 82 % Isoleucine, ileal standardized, poultry 4.9 5.6 g/kg 83 % Valine, ileal standardized, poultry 7.5 8.6 g/kg 85 % Leucine, ileal standardized, poultry 13.7 15.6 g/kg 90 % Phenylalanine, ileal standardized, poultry 5.9 6.7 g/kg 86 % Tyrosine, ileal standardized, poultry 4 4.5 g/kg 83 % Phenylalanine + tyrosine, ileal standardized, poultry 9.9 11.2 g/kg 85 % Histidine, ileal standardized, poultry 4.5 5.1 g/kg 83 % Arginine, ileal standardized, poultry 8.1 9.2 g/kg 88 % Alanine, ileal standardized, poultry 10.2 11.6 g/kg 86 % Aspartic acid, ileal standardized, poultry 8.3 9.4 g/kg 76 % Glutamic acid, ileal standardized, poultry 23 26.2 g/kg 87 % Glycine, ileal standardized, poultry 5.8 6.6 g/kg 71 % Serine, ileal standardized, poultry 6.2 7 g/kg 80 % Proline, ileal standardized, poultry 10 11.4 g/kg 84 % Gross energy (MJ) 16.4 18.7 MJ/kg - 0.5 15.8 -18.2 20 0.4 18.1 -19.8 33 Absorbable Ca ruminants 0.8 0.9 g/kg 55 % Ca NDF digestibility ruminants - 79 % UFL FL1 INRA 2018 1 1.14 per kg - UFV FL1 INRA 2018 0.99 1.13 per kg - PDIA FL1 INRA 2018 41 46 g/kg - PDI FL1 INRA 2018 91 104 g/kg - Rumen protein balance FL1 INRA 2018 50 57 g/kg - UFL INRA 2018 0.98 1.11 per kg - UFV INRA 2018 0.97 1.11 per kg - PDIA INRA 2018 46 53 g/kg - PDI INRA 2018 96 109 g/kg - Rumen protein balance INRA 2018 46 52 g/kg - NE lactation ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 1720 1960 kcal/kg - NE meat production ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 1710 1950 kcal/kg - ME ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 2610 2980 kcal/kg - OM digestibility ruminants INRA 2018 - 81.6 % Energy digestibility ruminants INRA 2018 - 79.6 % N degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 71 % Starch degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 82 % Lysine ruminants INRA 2018 - 6.2 % PDI Threonine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5 % PDI Methionine ruminants INRA 2018 - 2.1 % PDI Isoleucine ruminants INRA 2018 - 4.7 % PDI Valine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.7 % PDI Leucine ruminants INRA 2018 - 9.3 % PDI Phenylalanine ruminants INRA 2018 - 4.9 % PDI Histidine ruminants INRA 2018 - 2.6 % PDI Arginine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5 % PDI ME ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 10.4 11.8 MJ/kg - NE lactation ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 6.7 7.7 MJ/kg - NE meat production ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 6.6 7.5 MJ/kg - DM degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 60 % UFL FL4 INRA 2018 0.94 1.07 per kg - UFV FL4 INRA 2018 0.92 1.05 per kg - PDIA FL4 INRA 2018 55 63 g/kg - PDI FL4 INRA 2018 103 117 g/kg - Rumen protein balance FL4 INRA 2018 37 42 g/kg - Origin France, ex factory Phosphorus consumption 1.46 1.66 g P/kg - Origin France, ex factory Cumulative energy demand (non-renewable: fossil+nuclear) 4.27 4.86 MJ/kg - Origin France, ex factory Climate change (ILCD) 346 394 g CO2eq/kg - Origin France, ex factory Acidification (ILCD) 0.007 0.008 mol H+eq/kg - Origin France, ex factory Eutrophication (CML baseline) 29.99 34.15 g PO4---eq/kg - Origin France, ex factory Land competition (CML non baseline) 0.0001 0.0001 m²yr/kg - Fill Unit ruminants INRA 2018 0.272 0.309 per kg - C6 + C8 + C10 fatty acids 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C12:0 lauric acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C18:4 stearidonic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C20:0 arachidic acid 0.1 0.1 g/kg 0.6 % FA 0.2 0.1-1.2 186 C20:1 eicosenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C20:4 arachidonic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C20:5 eicosapentaenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C22:0 behenic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C22:1 erucic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA 1 C22:5 docosapentaenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C22:6 docosahexaenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C24:0 lignoceric acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA Digestible P pig (with phytase) 2.8 3.2 g/kg 33 % Available P cockerel 2.2 2.5 g/kg 25 % P Available P broiler 2.2 2.5 g/kg 25 % P UFL INRA 2007 0.95 1.08 per kg - UFV INRA 2007 0.92 1.05 per kg - DE growing pig (MJ) 10.5 11.9 MJ/kg - ME growing pig (MJ) 9.8 11.2 MJ/kg - NE growing pig (MJ) 6.6 7.5 MJ/kg - DE adult pig (MJ) 12.3 14.1 MJ/kg - ME adult pig (MJ) 11.4 13 MJ/kg - NE adult pig (MJ) 7.8 8.8 MJ/kg - AMEn cockerel (MJ) 7.4 8.5 MJ/kg - AMEn broiler (MJ) 7.3 8.3 MJ/kg - 1 1 ME ruminants INRA 2007 (MJ) 10.8 12.3 MJ/kg - DE rabbit (MJ) 11.8 13.4 MJ/kg - 1 ME rabbit (MJ) 11.2 12.7 MJ/kg - DE salmonids (MJ) 4.8 5.4 MJ/kg - VEM CVB 2018 945 1076 per kg - VEVI CVB 2018 1012 1153 per kg - DVE CVB 1991 90 103 g/kg - OEB CVB 1991 47 53 g/kg - DVLYS CVB 1991 4.4 5 g/kg - DVMET CVB 1991 1.6 1.8 g/kg - TDN 1x ruminants NRC 2001 66.1 75.3 % - DE 1x ruminants NRC 2001 3.03 3.45 Mcal/kg - NE Lactation 3x ruminants NRC 2001 1.53 1.74 Mcal/kg - NE Lactation 4x ruminants NRC 2001 1.44 1.64 Mcal/kg - NE Maintenance 3x ruminants NRC 2001 1.66 1.89 Mcal/kg - NE Gain 3x ruminants NRC 2001 1.1 1.25 Mcal/kg - Rumen Undegradable Protein (diet 25% concentrate) NRC 2001 - 25 % Rumen Undegradable Protein (diet 50% concentrate) NRC 2001 - 29 % EN Lactation ruminants GfE 6.7 7.6 MJ/kg - nxP ruminants GfE 161 183 g/kg - RNB ruminants GfE 5 5 g/kg - Starch, enzymatic method 15 17.1 % - 4.6 14.4 -28.9 10 5.2 14.8 -32.2 14 Vitamin D 0 0 1000 IU/kg -