Dry matter 86.8 100 % - 1.3 79.4 -91.2 2271 2.2 Crude protein 10 11.5 % - 0.9 7.2 -15.7 2779 1 8.1 -17.8 2261 Crude fibre 2.5 2.9 % - 0.4 1.3 -4.1 680 0.5 1.5 -4.5 576 Crude fat 1.2 1.4 % - 0.2 0.6 -2.2 512 0.3 0.7 -2.5 426 Ash 1.8 2 % - 0.2 1.3 -2.7 533 0.2 1.5 -3 443 Insoluble ash 0.05 0.06 % - 0.05 0 -0.2 14 0.06 0 -0.2 14 NDF 13 15 % - 1.4 10.1 -16.5 200 1.6 11.6 -18.9 148 ADF 3.3 3.8 % - 0.4 2.3 -4.7 197 0.5 2.7 -5.3 146 Lignin 1 1.2 % - 0.2 0.6 -1.9 199 0.3 0.7 -2.1 149 Water insoluble cell walls 10.9 12.6 % - 1.1 7.7 -14.1 192 1.3 9 -16.2 141 Starch 58.8 67.8 % - 1.9 51.4 -64.9 1999 1.9 59.2 -73.7 1723 Total sugars 3 3.5 % - 0.7 1.6 -4.8 106 0.8 1.9 -5.5 82 Gross energy (kcal) 3750 4320 kcal/kg - 80 3660 -3990 32 60 4220 -4480 70 Calcium 0.6 0.7 g/kg - 0.3 0.1 -1.5 232 0.4 0.1 -1.7 217 Phosphorus 3.3 3.8 g/kg - 0.4 2.3 -4.4 134 0.5 2.6 -5.2 104 Phytate phosphorus 2.5 2.9 g/kg 75 % P 0.4 1.1 -3.6 55 0.4 1.9 -4.1 38 9 48-92 19 Magnesium 1.1 1.2 g/kg - 0.3 0.3 -1.7 20 0.3 0.4 -2 22 Potassium 4.9 5.7 g/kg - 0.8 3.7 -6.9 17 0.9 4.3 -7.9 18 Sodium 0.06 0.07 g/kg - 0.06 0.01 -0.2 33 0.06 0.01 -0.23 34 Chlorine 0.6 0.7 g/kg - 0.1 0.3 -0.8 27 0.1 0.3 -0.8 15 Sulfur 1.4 1.7 g/kg - 0.3 0.9 -1.7 5 0.3 1.1 -1.9 5 Dietary cation-anion difference 23 27 mEq/kg - Electrolyte balance 113 131 mEq/kg - Manganese 20 24 mg/kg - 12 10 -60 16 14 11 -69 17 Zinc 24 28 mg/kg - 10 13 -44 18 11 15 -50 18 Copper 5 6 mg/kg - 3 2 -14 18 3 3 -16 17 Iron 40 46 mg/kg - 13 22 -69 10 15 26 -66 7 Cobalt 0.09 0.1 mg/kg - 0.08 -0.09 2 0.1 -0.1 2 Molybdenum 0.5 0.6 mg/kg - 0.2 0.3 -0.7 5 0.2 0.3 -0.8 5 Iodine 0.09 0.1 mg/kg - 0.08 -0.09 2 0.1 -0.1 2 Lysine 3.9 4.5 g/kg 3.9 g/16g N 0.5 2.6 -5.4 111 0.6 2.8 -6.1 103 0.3 2.6-4.1 135 Threonine 3.3 3.8 g/kg 3.4 g/16g N 0.6 2.5 -5.8 77 0.7 2.7 -6.5 70 0.2 2.7-3.5 102 Methionine 1.7 2 g/kg 1.8 g/16g N 0.3 1.4 -2.6 76 0.3 1.6 -2.9 69 0.1 1.3-2 101 Cystine 2.6 3 g/kg 2.6 g/16g N 0.4 2.1 -4.1 72 0.5 2.4 -4.6 65 0.2 1.9-2.8 97 Methionine + cystine 4.4 5 g/kg 4.4 g/16g N 0.7 3.4 -6.7 71 0.8 3.9 -7.5 64 0.3 3.3-4.7 95 Tryptophan 1.3 1.4 g/kg 1.3 g/16g N 0.2 0.9 -1.8 49 0.3 1 -2 37 0.1 0.8-1.6 69 Isoleucine 3.8 4.4 g/kg 3.8 g/16g N 0.9 2.3 -6.6 73 1 2.5 -7.6 67 0.3 2.7-4.1 100 Valine 4.8 5.5 g/kg 4.8 g/16g N 1 3.5 -8.1 72 1.1 3.8 -9.3 65 0.3 3.7-5.1 98 Leucine 6.4 7.3 g/kg 6.4 g/16g N 1.4 5.1 -11.3 73 1.6 5.6 -12.7 67 0.3 5.4-7.2 100 Phenylalanine 4.3 5 g/kg 4.3 g/16g N 1.2 2.8 -8 71 1.3 3.1 -9.3 64 0.3 3.1-5.2 97 Tyrosine 3.1 3.5 g/kg 3.1 g/16g N 0.7 2.2 -4.7 62 0.8 2.5 -5.6 56 0.3 2.2-3.3 89 Phenylalanine + tyrosine 7.4 8.5 g/kg 7.4 g/16g N 1.8 5.1 -12.5 58 2.1 5.6 -14.8 51 0.5 5.6-8.2 83 Histidine 2.4 2.7 g/kg 2.4 g/16g N 0.5 1.8 -3.9 73 0.6 2 -4.5 67 0.1 1.8-2.7 100 Arginine 5.3 6.1 g/kg 5.4 g/16g N 0.8 4.7 -7.9 70 0.9 5.5 -9.1 64 0.4 4.3-6.1 97 Alanine 4.2 4.9 g/kg 4.3 g/16g N 0.7 3.9 -6.8 54 0.8 4.6 -7.7 47 0.2 3.4-4.5 80 Aspartic acid 6.6 7.6 g/kg 6.6 g/16g N 1 5.7 -9.6 55 1.2 6.5 -11.4 49 0.4 5.2-7.1 82 Glutamic acid 24 27.7 g/kg 24.1 g/16g N 6.7 19.7 -46.5 58 7.7 22.7 -52.4 49 1.7 20.5-30.9 82 Glycine 4.4 5 g/kg 4.4 g/16g N 0.8 3.8 -7.1 60 0.9 4.4 -8 53 0.2 3.7-4.5 86 Serine 4.5 5.2 g/kg 4.5 g/16g N 0.9 3.7 -7.8 60 1.1 4.3 -8.8 54 0.2 4.2-5.2 87 Proline 8.7 10.1 g/kg 8.8 g/16g N 2.5 6.1 -12.7 37 2.8 7.1 -16.9 27 0.7 6.3-10.7 60 C14:0 myristic acid 0.02 0.03 g/kg 0.3 % FA 1 1 0.1-0.4 2 C16:0 palmitic acid 1.6 1.8 g/kg 17 % FA 1.9 14.2-20.1 7 C18:0 stearic acid 0.08 0.09 g/kg 0.9 % FA 0.04 0.07 -0.2 6 0.05 0.08 -0.2 6 0.3 0.6-1.5 7 C18:1 oleic acid 1.2 1.4 g/kg 13.5 % FA 1.6 11-15.8 7 C18:2 linoleic acid 5.5 6.4 g/kg 60.8 % FA 3.1 56.6-64.6 7 C18:3 linolenic acid 0.6 0.7 g/kg 7.1 % FA 1.4 5-8.3 7 Fatty acids 0.9 1.1 % 75 % fat 4 69-79 5 Vitamin E 1 1.2 mg/kg - Vitamin B1 thiamin 3.1 3.6 mg/kg - Vitamin B2 riboflavin 1.6 1.8 mg/kg - Niacin 18.2 21 mg/kg - Pantothenic acid 5.8 6.7 mg/kg - Folic acid 0.1 0.2 mg/kg - Choline 445 513 mg/kg - Phytase activity 760 880 IU/kg - 520 -1220 4 830 -1500 4 DE growing pig (kcal) 3210 3710 kcal/kg - 80 3040 -3330 11 80 3530 -3850 22 ME growing pig (kcal) 3120 3590 kcal/kg - 1 1 NE growing pig (kcal) 2440 2810 kcal/kg - DE adult pig (kcal) 3270 3770 kcal/kg - ME adult pig (kcal) 3160 3640 kcal/kg - NE adult pig (kcal) 2470 2840 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility growing pig - 85.8 % 2.1 80.5-88.1 21 OM digestibility growing pig - 88.5 % 2.5 82.8-91.5 11 N digestibility growing pig - 83.2 % 3.6 77.3-91.7 20 N digestibility ileal standardised pig - 87 % 2.4 84.2-91 13 Crude fat digestibility pig - 10.6 % 1 Energy digestibility adult pig - 87.4 % OM digestibility adult pig - 89.9 % N digestibility adult pig - 86.7 % Digestible P pig (no phytase) 1 1.2 g/kg 30 % 1 Digestible P pig (with phytase) 1.6 1.8 g/kg 48 % AMEn cockerel (kcal) 2930 3370 kcal/kg - 80 2890 -3050 7 80 3300 -3500 7 AMEn broiler (kcal) 2800 3220 kcal/kg - 2510 -2950 3 2900 -3390 3 Available P broiler 2.2 2.5 g/kg 66 % P PDIA INRA 2007 21 25 g/kg - PDIN INRA 2007 65 75 g/kg - PDIE INRA 2007 85 98 g/kg - ME ruminants INRA 2007 (kcal) 2690 3100 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility ruminants INRA 2007 - 85.6 % OM digestibility ruminants INRA 2007 - 88.3 % N digestibility ruminants - 69.4 % N digestibility, intestinal, ruminants - 90 % Fatty acids digestibility ruminants - 59.3 % Absorbable P ruminants 2.5 2.9 g/kg 75 % P N degradability ruminants (k=0.06) - 78 % Immediately degradable N (a) - 34 % Potentially degradable N (b) - 56 % Degradation rate of particles N (c) - 0.23 h-1 Starch degradability, ruminants (k=0.06) - 95 % Immediately degradable starch (a) - 45 % Potentially degradable starch (b) - 55 % Degradation rate of particles starch (c) - 0.585 h-1 DM degradability ruminants (k=0.06) - 77 % 1 Immediately degradable DM (a) - 46 % 1 Potentially degradable DM (b) - 47 % 1 Degradation rate of particles DM (c) - 0.12 h-1 1 Lysine ruminants INRA 2007 - 7 % PDIE Threonine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.1 % PDIE Methionine ruminants INRA 2007 - 2 % PDIE Isoleucine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.3 % PDIE Valine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.7 % PDIE Leucine ruminants INRA 2007 - 8 % PDIE Phenylalanine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5 % PDIE Histidine ruminants INRA 2007 - 2 % PDIE Arginine ruminants INRA 2007 - 4.7 % PDIE OM digestibility horse - 88.1 % Energy digestibility horse - 84.6 % Horse Forage Unit 1.05 1.21 per kg - Digestible crude protein horse 70 81 g/kg - DE rabbit (kcal) 3110 3590 kcal/kg - ME rabbit (kcal) 3020 3480 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility rabbit - 83.1 % N digestibility rabbit - 71 % DE salmonids (kcal) 2260 2610 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility, salmonids - 60.4 % N digestibility salmonids - 80.3 % Lysine, ileal standardised, pig 3.3 3.8 g/kg 83 % 1 1 3 80-88 13 Threonine, ileal standardised, pig 2.7 3.2 g/kg 82 % 1 1 2 80-87 13 Methionine, ileal standardised, pig 1.6 1.8 g/kg 90 % 1 1 1 89-92 12 Cystine, ileal standardised, pig 2.4 2.7 g/kg 91 % 1 1 1 90-93 12 Methionine + cystine, ileal standardised, pig 4 4.6 g/kg 91 % 1 1 1 90-92 12 Tryptophan, ileal standardised, pig 1.1 1.3 g/kg 88 % 2 85-90 11 Isoleucine, ileal standardised, pig 3.3 3.8 g/kg 87 % 1 1 1 85-90 13 Valine, ileal standardised, pig 4.1 4.7 g/kg 86 % 1 1 2 83-90 13 Leucine, ileal standardised, pig 5.6 6.5 g/kg 88 % 1 1 2 87-92 13 Phenylalanine, ileal standardised, pig 3.9 4.5 g/kg 90 % 1 1 2 88-94 12 Tyrosine, ileal standardised, pig 2.7 3.2 g/kg 90 % 1 1 2 86-93 12 Phenylananine + tyrosine, ileal standardised, pig 6.6 7.7 g/kg 90 % 1 1 2 88-93 12 Histidine, ileal standardised, pig 2.1 2.4 g/kg 89 % 1 1 2 85-93 12 Arginine, ileal standardised, pig 4.8 5.6 g/kg 91 % 1 1 2 88-94 13 Alanine, ileal standardised, pig 3.4 3.9 g/kg 80 % 1 1 4 77-88 13 Aspartic acid, ileal standardised, pig 5.6 6.4 g/kg 85 % 1 1 2 81-90 13 Glutamic acid, ileal standardised, pig 22.7 26.1 g/kg 95 % 1 1 0.7 94-96 13 Glycine, ileal standardised, pig 3.7 4.3 g/kg 85 % 1 1 2 79-89 12 Serine, ileal standardised, pig 4 4.6 g/kg 88 % 1 1 2 86-91 13 Proline, ileal standardised, pig 8.2 9.5 g/kg 94 % 1 1 1 Lysine, ileal standardized, poultry 3.2 3.7 g/kg 82 % Threonine, ileal standardized, poultry 2.6 3 g/kg 79 % Methionine, ileal standardized, poultry 1.6 1.8 g/kg 91 % Cystine, ileal standardized, poultry 2 2.3 g/kg 75 % Methionine + cystine, ileal standardized, poultry 3.5 4.1 g/kg 81 % Tryptophan, ileal standardized, poultry 1 1.2 g/kg 83 % Isoleucine, ileal standardized, poultry 3.1 3.6 g/kg 83 % Valine, ileal standardized, poultry 4.1 4.7 g/kg 85 % Leucine, ileal standardized, poultry 5.4 6.2 g/kg 85 % Phenylalanine, ileal standardized, poultry 3.8 4.3 g/kg 87 % Tyrosine, ileal standardized, poultry 2.5 2.9 g/kg 82 % Phenylalanine + tyrosine, ileal standardized, poultry 6.3 7.2 g/kg 85 % Histidine, ileal standardized, poultry 1.9 2.1 g/kg 79 % Arginine, ileal standardized, poultry 4.3 4.9 g/kg 80 % Alanine, ileal standardized, poultry 3.4 3.9 g/kg 80 % Aspartic acid, ileal standardized, poultry 5.1 5.9 g/kg 77 % Glutamic acid, ileal standardized, poultry 22.3 25.7 g/kg 93 % Glycine, ileal standardized, poultry 3.5 4 g/kg 79 % Serine, ileal standardized, poultry 3.8 4.4 g/kg 84 % Proline, ileal standardized, poultry 7.8 9 g/kg 89 % Gross energy (MJ) 15.7 18.1 MJ/kg - 0.3 15.3 -16.7 32 0.2 17.7 -18.8 70 Absorbable Ca ruminants 0.3 0.4 g/kg 55 % Ca NDF digestibility ruminants - 68 % UFL FL1 INRA 2018 1.04 1.2 per kg - UFV FL1 INRA 2018 1.06 1.22 per kg - PDIA FL1 INRA 2018 18 21 g/kg - PDI FL1 INRA 2018 73 84 g/kg - Rumen protein balance FL1 INRA 2018 -18 -21 g/kg - UFL INRA 2018 1.02 1.18 per kg - UFV INRA 2018 1.04 1.2 per kg - PDIA INRA 2018 21 24 g/kg - PDI INRA 2018 74 85 g/kg - Rumen protein balance INRA 2018 -18 -21 g/kg - NE lactation ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 1800 2080 kcal/kg - NE meat production ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 1830 2110 kcal/kg - ME ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 2690 3100 kcal/kg - OM digestibility ruminants INRA 2018 - 87 % Energy digestibility ruminants INRA 2018 - 84.3 % N degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 77 % Starch degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 92 % Lysine ruminants INRA 2018 - 6.9 % PDI Threonine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5 % PDI Methionine ruminants INRA 2018 - 2.1 % PDI Isoleucine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.1 % PDI Valine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.6 % PDI Leucine ruminants INRA 2018 - 8 % PDI Phenylalanine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5 % PDI Histidine ruminants INRA 2018 - 2 % PDI Arginine ruminants INRA 2018 - 4.8 % PDI ME ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 11.2 12.9 MJ/kg - NE lactation ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 7.5 8.6 MJ/kg - NE meat production ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 7.6 8.7 MJ/kg - DM degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 75 % UFL FL4 INRA 2018 0.99 1.14 per kg - UFV FL4 INRA 2018 1 1.15 per kg - PDIA FL4 INRA 2018 24 28 g/kg - PDI FL4 INRA 2018 76 88 g/kg - Rumen protein balance FL4 INRA 2018 -21 -24 g/kg - Origin France, conventional farming, ex field Phosphorus consumption 2.11 2.44 g P/kg - Origin France, conventional farming, ex storage agency Phosphorus consumption 2.11 2.44 g P/kg - Origin France, conventional farming, ex field Cumulative energy demand (non-renewable: fossil+nuclear) 2.61 3.01 MJ/kg - Origin France, conventional farming, ex storage agency Cumulative energy demand (non-renewable: fossil+nuclear) 2.8 3.22 MJ/kg - Origin France, conventional farming, ex field Climate change (ILCD) 467 539 g CO2eq/kg - Origin France, conventional farming, ex storage agency Climate change (ILCD) 477 550 g CO2eq/kg - Origin France, conventional farming, ex field Acidification (ILCD) 0.0084 0.0097 mol H+eq/kg - Origin France, conventional farming, ex storage agency Acidification (ILCD) 0.0085 0.0097 mol H+eq/kg - Origin France, conventional farming, ex field Eutrophication (CML baseline) 36.71 42.32 g PO4---eq/kg - Origin France, conventional farming, ex storage agency Eutrophication (CML baseline) 36.97 42.62 g PO4---eq/kg - Origin France, conventional farming, ex field Land competition (CML non baseline) 0.0002 0.0002 m²yr/kg - Origin France, conventional farming, ex storage agency Land competition (CML non baseline) 0.0002 0.0002 m²yr/kg - Fill Unit ruminants INRA 2018 0.151 0.174 per kg - C6 + C8 + C10 fatty acids 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C12:0 lauric acid 0.01 0.01 g/kg 0.08 % FA C16:1 palmitoleic acid 0.08 0.09 g/kg 0.8 % FA 1 1 0.2-1.4 2 C18:4 stearidonic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C20:0 arachidic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C20:1 eicosenoic acid 0.1 0.2 g/kg 1.4 % FA 1 C20:4 arachidonic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C20:5 eicosapentaenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C22:0 behenic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C22:1 erucic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C22:5 docosapentaenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C22:6 docosahexaenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C24:0 lignoceric acid 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA Available P cockerel 2.2 2.5 g/kg 66 % P UFL INRA 2007 1.01 1.17 per kg - UFV INRA 2007 1.02 1.17 per kg - DE growing pig (MJ) 13.5 15.5 MJ/kg - ME growing pig (MJ) 13.1 15 MJ/kg - NE growing pig (MJ) 10.2 11.8 MJ/kg - DE adult pig (MJ) 13.7 15.8 MJ/kg - ME adult pig (MJ) 13.2 15.2 MJ/kg - NE adult pig (MJ) 10.3 11.9 MJ/kg - AMEn cockerel (MJ) 12.2 14.1 MJ/kg - AMEn broiler (MJ) 11.7 13.5 MJ/kg - ME ruminants INRA 2007 (MJ) 11.3 13 MJ/kg - DE rabbit (MJ) 13 15 MJ/kg - ME rabbit (MJ) 12.6 14.6 MJ/kg - DE salmonids (MJ) 9.5 10.9 MJ/kg - VEM CVB 2018 1011 1165 per kg - VEVI CVB 2018 1112 1282 per kg - DVE CVB 1991 80 92 g/kg - OEB CVB 1991 -27 -32 g/kg - DVLYS CVB 1991 5.4 6.2 g/kg - DVMET CVB 1991 1.9 2.2 g/kg - TDN 1x ruminants NRC 2001 73 84.1 % - DE 1x ruminants NRC 2001 3.2 3.69 Mcal/kg - NE Lactation 3x ruminants NRC 2001 1.65 1.9 Mcal/kg - NE Lactation 4x ruminants NRC 2001 1.55 1.79 Mcal/kg - NE Maintenance 3x ruminants NRC 2001 1.78 2.05 Mcal/kg - NE Gain 3x ruminants NRC 2001 1.21 1.39 Mcal/kg - Rumen Undegradable Protein (diet 25% concentrate) NRC 2001 - 20 % Rumen Undegradable Protein (diet 50% concentrate) NRC 2001 - 24 % EN Lactation ruminants GfE 7.2 8.2 MJ/kg - nxP ruminants GfE 140 161 g/kg - RNB ruminants GfE -6 -7 g/kg - Starch, enzymatic method 53.9 62.2 % - 50.5 -56.8 3 57.8 -68.6 4 Vitamin A 0 0 1000 IU/kg - Vitamin D 0 0 1000 IU/kg - Vitamin B6 pyridoxine 13.8 15.9 mg/kg - Vitamin B12 0 0 µg/kg - Vitamin C 0 0 mg/kg -