Dry matter 90.4 100 % - 1.5 85.3 -97.9 366 2.3 Crude protein 23.8 26.4 % - 1 22.5 -26.6 202 1 25 -30 203 Crude fibre 21.9 24.3 % - 5.3 10.8 -36.9 402 5.9 11.9 -35.9 294 Crude fat 3.6 3.9 % - 0.6 1.8 -4.8 40 0.6 2 -5.3 41 Ash 11.6 12.9 % - 1.6 7.4 -16.8 149 1.8 9.1 -18 134 Insoluble ash 0.7 0.8 % - 0.3 -1 4 NDF 37 40.9 % - 5.2 28.8 -54 77 5.7 32 -54.5 71 ADF 25.8 28.5 % - 3.6 8.6 -41.2 78 4 21.3 -39 71 Lignin 6.9 7.7 % - 1.5 3.3 -11.7 49 1.7 5.2 -13 48 Water insoluble cell walls 38.5 42.6 % - 1 Starch 2.6 2.9 % - 1.6 -3.7 2 1.7 -4.1 2 Total sugars 4 4.4 % - 1 1 Gross energy (kcal) 4130 4560 kcal/kg - 4560 -4610 2 Calcium 22.6 25 g/kg - 5.7 9.2 -32.9 47 6.3 10.5 -35.8 41 Phosphorus 2.9 3.2 g/kg - 0.4 1.7 -3.6 45 0.5 1.9 -4 40 Phytate phosphorus 0.1 0.2 g/kg 5 % P Magnesium 1.9 2.1 g/kg - 0.4 1.2 -2.2 6 0.4 1.3 -2.4 6 Potassium 24.2 26.8 g/kg - 5 13 -29.2 16 5.5 15 -28.1 7 Sodium 0.54 0.6 g/kg - 0.68 0.09 -1.79 16 0.75 0.1 -2 7 Chlorine 4.8 5.3 g/kg - 2.4 1 -8.7 20 2.7 1.1 -7 5 Sulfur 3.1 3.4 g/kg - 1 Dietary cation-anion difference 318 352 mEq/kg - Electrolyte balance 510 564 mEq/kg - Manganese 33 36 mg/kg - 13 26 -60 6 Zinc 29 32 mg/kg - 9 18 -41 10 9 21 -45 8 Copper 6 7 mg/kg - 2 3 -9 9 2 4 -11 9 Iron 375 415 mg/kg - 335 -647 3 178 -737 4 Selenium 0.04 0.04 mg/kg - 1 Cobalt 0.4 0.5 mg/kg - 1 Molybdenum 0.3 0.3 mg/kg - 1 Lysine 12.3 13.6 g/kg 5.2 g/16g N Threonine 10.1 11.1 g/kg 4.2 g/16g N 4-4.3 2 Methionine 3.7 4.1 g/kg 1.5 g/16g N 1 3.9 -4.8 3 1.5-1.6 3 Cystine 2.7 3 g/kg 1.1 g/16g N Methionine + cystine 6.4 7 g/kg 2.7 g/16g N Tryptophan 3.5 3.9 g/kg 1.5 g/16g N 1 1 1 Isoleucine 10.6 11.7 g/kg 4.4 g/16g N 1 11 -11.8 3 Valine 14.4 15.9 g/kg 6 g/16g N 1 Leucine 18.7 20.7 g/kg 7.8 g/16g N 1 7.6-8 3 Phenylalanine 12.3 13.6 g/kg 5.1 g/16g N 1 Tyrosine 8.5 9.4 g/kg 3.6 g/16g N 1 7.2 -9.7 3 Phenylalanine + tyrosine 20.8 23 g/kg 8.7 g/16g N 1 Histidine 4.6 5.1 g/kg 1.9 g/16g N 1 2.9 -6.5 3 1.1-2.2 3 Arginine 11.6 12.9 g/kg 4.9 g/16g N 12.1 -13.3 2 Alanine 12.8 14.1 g/kg 5.4 g/16g N 1 11.2 -19.2 3 4.2-6.5 3 Aspartic acid 23.7 26.2 g/kg 9.9 g/16g N 1 22.3 -31.9 3 8.3-11.1 3 Glutamic acid 23.3 25.8 g/kg 9.8 g/16g N 1 24.8 -27.7 3 Glycine 11.3 12.4 g/kg 4.7 g/16g N 1 12.1 -13.6 3 4.5-4.8 3 Serine 9.9 10.9 g/kg 4.1 g/16g N 10.3 -11.7 2 Proline 10.2 11.3 g/kg 4.3 g/16g N 1 9.9 -13.8 3 3.7-4.6 3 C12:0 lauric acid 0.1 0.1 g/kg 0.7 % FA 0.7 0.1-1.9 7 C14:0 myristic acid 0.3 0.3 g/kg 1.5 % FA 1.1 0.4-3.1 8 C16:0 palmitic acid 3 3.3 g/kg 16.6 % FA 3 13.3-21.3 8 C16:1 palmitoleic acid 0.2 0.3 g/kg 1.3 % FA 1.2 0.2-3.8 8 C18:0 stearic acid 0.5 0.5 g/kg 2.8 % FA 1.1 1.3-4.8 8 C18:1 oleic acid 1.4 1.5 g/kg 7.6 % FA 2.8 3.4-11.7 8 C18:2 linoleic acid 5.2 5.8 g/kg 29.3 % FA 7.4 17.6-40 8 C18:3 linolenic acid 6.4 7 g/kg 35.8 % FA 8.3 25.7-51.4 8 C20:0 arachidic acid 0.1 0.2 g/kg 0.8 % FA 0.3 0.4-1.1 8 C22:0 behenic acid 0.2 0.2 g/kg 0.9 % FA 0.7 0.3-2.3 8 C24:0 lignoceric acid 0.2 0.2 g/kg 1 % FA 0.9 0-2.8 8 Fatty acids 1.8 2 % 50 % fat DE growing pig (kcal) 1990 2200 kcal/kg - ME growing pig (kcal) 1840 2040 kcal/kg - NE growing pig (kcal) 1070 1190 kcal/kg - DE adult pig (kcal) 2120 2340 kcal/kg - ME adult pig (kcal) 1930 2130 kcal/kg - NE adult pig (kcal) 1130 1250 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility growing pig - 48.2 % OM digestibility growing pig - 53.2 % N digestibility growing pig - 47 % Crude fat digestibility pig - 43.4 % Energy digestibility adult pig - 51.4 % OM digestibility adult pig - 56.5 % N digestibility adult pig - 50.4 % AMEn cockerel (kcal) 1170 1290 kcal/kg - PDIA INRA 2007 84 93 g/kg - PDIN INRA 2007 161 178 g/kg - PDIE INRA 2007 121 134 g/kg - ME ruminants INRA 2007 (kcal) 2060 2280 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility ruminants INRA 2007 - 64.3 % OM digestibility ruminants INRA 2007 - 67.1 % N digestibility ruminants - 73.8 % N digestibility, intestinal, ruminants - 80 % Fatty acids digestibility ruminants - 68.6 % Absorbable P ruminants 2.1 2.3 g/kg 74 % P N degradability ruminants (k=0.06) - 60 % Immediately degradable N (a) - 26 % Potentially degradable N (b) - 57 % Degradation rate of particles N (c) - 0.09 h-1 Starch degradability, ruminants (k=0.06) - 80 % DM degradability ruminants (k=0.06) - 52 % 50-71 3 Immediately degradable DM (a) - 26 % 25-39 2 Potentially degradable DM (b) - 47 % 37-57 3 Degradation rate of particles DM (c) - 0.075 h-1 0.035-0.119 3 Lysine ruminants INRA 2007 - 6.8 % PDIE Threonine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.1 % PDIE Methionine ruminants INRA 2007 - 1.8 % PDIE Isoleucine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.3 % PDIE Valine ruminants INRA 2007 - 6.4 % PDIE Leucine ruminants INRA 2007 - 9 % PDIE Phenylalanine ruminants INRA 2007 - 5.7 % PDIE Histidine ruminants INRA 2007 - 2.1 % PDIE Arginine ruminants INRA 2007 - 4.9 % PDIE OM digestibility horse - 66.4 % Energy digestibility horse - 61.8 % Horse Forage Unit 0.63 0.7 per kg - Digestible crude protein horse 152 168 g/kg - DE rabbit (kcal) 1980 2190 kcal/kg - ME rabbit (kcal) 1800 2000 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility rabbit - 48.1 % N digestibility rabbit - 62 % Lysine, ileal standardised, pig 8.9 9.8 g/kg 72 % Threonine, ileal standardised, pig 7.2 8 g/kg 72 % Methionine, ileal standardised, pig 2.9 3.2 g/kg 78 % Isoleucine, ileal standardised, pig 7.9 8.8 g/kg 75 % Valine, ileal standardised, pig 10.3 11.3 g/kg 72 % Leucine, ileal standardised, pig 14.3 15.8 g/kg 77 % Phenylalanine, ileal standardised, pig 9.2 10.2 g/kg 75 % Tyrosine, ileal standardised, pig 6.5 7.2 g/kg 76 % Phenylananine + tyrosine, ileal standardised, pig 15.7 17.3 g/kg 75 % Histidine, ileal standardised, pig 3.2 3.5 g/kg 68 % Arginine, ileal standardised, pig 10 11.1 g/kg 86 % Alanine, ileal standardised, pig 9.4 10.4 g/kg 74 % Aspartic acid, ileal standardised, pig 19.9 22 g/kg 84 % Glutamic acid, ileal standardised, pig 17.5 19.3 g/kg 75 % Glycine, ileal standardised, pig 6.6 7.3 g/kg 59 % Serine, ileal standardised, pig 7 7.7 g/kg 71 % Lysine, ileal standardized, poultry 11.1 12.3 g/kg 91 % Threonine, ileal standardized, poultry 8.8 9.7 g/kg 87 % Methionine, ileal standardized, poultry 3.4 3.7 g/kg 92 % Cystine, ileal standardized, poultry 2.3 2.5 g/kg 84 % Methionine + cystine, ileal standardized, poultry 5.6 6.2 g/kg 89 % Tryptophan, ileal standardized, poultry 3 3.3 g/kg 85 % Isoleucine, ileal standardized, poultry 9.5 10.5 g/kg 90 % Valine, ileal standardized, poultry 12.5 13.9 g/kg 87 % Leucine, ileal standardized, poultry 16.1 17.8 g/kg 86 % Phenylalanine, ileal standardized, poultry 10.6 11.7 g/kg 86 % Tyrosine, ileal standardized, poultry 7.5 8.3 g/kg 89 % Phenylalanine + tyrosine, ileal standardized, poultry 18.1 20 g/kg 87 % Histidine, ileal standardized, poultry 4 4.4 g/kg 86 % Arginine, ileal standardized, poultry 9.9 11 g/kg 85 % Alanine, ileal standardized, poultry 11.4 12.6 g/kg 89 % Aspartic acid, ileal standardized, poultry 20.4 22.6 g/kg 86 % Glutamic acid, ileal standardized, poultry 20.4 22.5 g/kg 87 % Glycine, ileal standardized, poultry 9.9 11 g/kg 88 % Serine, ileal standardized, poultry 8.5 9.4 g/kg 86 % Proline, ileal standardized, poultry 8.9 9.8 g/kg 87 % Gross energy (MJ) 17.3 19.1 MJ/kg - 19.1 -19.3 2 Absorbable Ca ruminants 6.8 7.5 g/kg 30 % Ca NDF digestibility ruminants - 65.7 % UFL FL1 INRA 2018 0.77 0.85 per kg - UFV FL1 INRA 2018 0.7 0.78 per kg - PDIA FL1 INRA 2018 68 75 g/kg - PDI FL1 INRA 2018 112 123 g/kg - Rumen protein balance FL1 INRA 2018 72 80 g/kg - UFL INRA 2018 0.74 0.82 per kg - UFV INRA 2018 0.67 0.74 per kg - PDIA INRA 2018 75 83 g/kg - PDI INRA 2018 118 130 g/kg - Rumen protein balance INRA 2018 65 72 g/kg - NE lactation ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 1310 1440 kcal/kg - NE meat production ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 1190 1310 kcal/kg - ME ruminants INRA 2018 (kcal) 2110 2330 kcal/kg - OM digestibility ruminants INRA 2018 - 65.8 % Energy digestibility ruminants INRA 2018 - 63 % N degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 60 % Starch degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 82 % Lysine ruminants INRA 2018 - 6.8 % PDI Threonine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.2 % PDI Methionine ruminants INRA 2018 - 1.9 % PDI Isoleucine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.3 % PDI Valine ruminants INRA 2018 - 6.3 % PDI Leucine ruminants INRA 2018 - 9.2 % PDI Phenylalanine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5.6 % PDI Histidine ruminants INRA 2018 - 2.2 % PDI Arginine ruminants INRA 2018 - 5 % PDI ME ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 8.8 9.7 MJ/kg - NE lactation ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 5.5 6 MJ/kg - NE meat production ruminants INRA 2018 (MJ) 5 5.5 MJ/kg - DM degradability ruminants INRA 2018 - 52 % UFL FL4 INRA 2018 0.7 0.77 per kg - UFV FL4 INRA 2018 0.62 0.69 per kg - PDIA FL4 INRA 2018 86 95 g/kg - PDI FL4 INRA 2018 128 141 g/kg - Rumen protein balance FL4 INRA 2018 53 58 g/kg - Fill Unit ruminants INRA 2018 0.347 0.383 per kg - C6 + C8 + C10 fatty acids 0 0 g/kg 0 % FA C18:4 stearidonic acid 0.01 0.01 g/kg 0.04 % FA 1 C20:1 eicosenoic acid 0.02 0.02 g/kg 0.1 % FA 0.1 0-0.4 8 C20:4 arachidonic acid 0.01 0.01 g/kg 0.04 % FA 0.07 0-0.2 8 C20:5 eicosapentaenoic acid 0.01 0.01 g/kg 0.07 % FA 0-0.2 3 C22:1 erucic acid 0.02 0.02 g/kg 0.09 % FA 0.1 0-0.4 8 C22:5 docosapentaenoic acid 0.01 0.01 g/kg 0.07 % FA 0.2 0-0.5 8 C22:6 docosahexaenoic acid 0 0 g/kg 0.01 % FA 0.03 0-0.09 8 Digestible P pig (no phytase) 0.9 1 g/kg 30 % Digestible P pig (with phytase) 1.3 1.4 g/kg 45 % AMEn broiler (kcal) 1130 1250 kcal/kg - Available P cockerel 2.4 2.7 g/kg 85 % P Available P broiler 2.4 2.7 g/kg 85 % P UFL INRA 2007 0.71 0.79 per kg - UFV INRA 2007 0.64 0.7 per kg - DE salmonids (kcal) 2490 2750 kcal/kg - Energy digestibility, salmonids - 60.2 % N digestibility salmonids - 85.6 % Cystine, ileal standardised, pig 0.9 1 g/kg 35 % 1 Methionine + cystine, ileal standardised, pig 3.8 4.2 g/kg 60 % Tryptophan, ileal standardised, pig 1.6 1.8 g/kg 46 % 1 Proline, ileal standardised, pig 6.5 7.2 g/kg 64 % 1 DE growing pig (MJ) 8.3 9.2 MJ/kg - ME growing pig (MJ) 7.7 8.5 MJ/kg - NE growing pig (MJ) 4.5 5 MJ/kg - DE adult pig (MJ) 8.9 9.8 MJ/kg - ME adult pig (MJ) 8.1 8.9 MJ/kg - NE adult pig (MJ) 4.7 5.2 MJ/kg - AMEn cockerel (MJ) 4.9 5.4 MJ/kg - AMEn broiler (MJ) 4.7 5.2 MJ/kg - ME ruminants INRA 2007 (MJ) 8.6 9.6 MJ/kg - DE rabbit (MJ) 8.3 9.2 MJ/kg - ME rabbit (MJ) 7.6 8.4 MJ/kg - DE salmonids (MJ) 10.4 11.5 MJ/kg - VEM CVB 2018 712 787 per kg - VEVI CVB 2018 696 770 per kg - DVE CVB 1991 97 108 g/kg - OEB CVB 1991 74 82 g/kg - DVLYS CVB 1991 3.4 3.8 g/kg - DVMET CVB 1991 1.2 1.3 g/kg - TDN 1x ruminants NRC 2001 48.9 54.1 % - DE 1x ruminants NRC 2001 2.34 2.58 Mcal/kg - NE Lactation 3x ruminants NRC 2001 1.07 1.19 Mcal/kg - NE Lactation 4x ruminants NRC 2001 1 1.11 Mcal/kg - NE Maintenance 3x ruminants NRC 2001 1.14 1.26 Mcal/kg - NE Gain 3x ruminants NRC 2001 0.63 0.69 Mcal/kg - Rumen Undegradable Protein (diet 25% concentrate) NRC 2001 - 38 % Rumen Undegradable Protein (diet 50% concentrate) NRC 2001 - 43 % EN Lactation ruminants GfE 5 5.6 MJ/kg - nxP ruminants GfE 177 196 g/kg - RNB ruminants GfE 10 11 g/kg - Starch, enzymatic method 0.09 0.1 % - Vitamin D 0 0 1000 IU/kg -